Compare and Contrast Public Goods Essay Example

Thoroughly analyze Public Goods Essay Example Thoroughly analyze Public Goods Essay Thoroughly analyze Public Goods Essay Thoroughly analyze open merchandise, private products, basic assets, and common syndications. An open decent is a decent or administration which is non-excludable, and which has no competition. It is financed through tax collection, and is accessible to all. Its utilization doesn't decrease the sum accessible to other people, and it is accessible even to the individuals who don’t pay for it. A few instances of private products may incorporate national guard and law authorization. A private decent is a decent or administration which, whenever expended, may not be accessible to other people. This makes it excludable, and it is normally financed by private firms. Private merchandise are solely made for benefit, and there is competition associated with getting the item or administration. Private products can incorporate attire and food. A typical asset is a decent or administration which furnishes clients with unmistakable advantages. Like open products, these merchandise are non-excludable, yet they are rival. They incorporate things that each individual has a privilege to utilize, and could likewise remember things for which individuals add to the creation of. This may remember things for which people in general has paid for the creation of through tax assessment. They are products, for example, water and open parks. To the drawback of everybody, abuse of regular assets may prompt annihilation of that asset after some time. A characteristic imposing business model happens when an organization has a huge cost advantage over different rivals in the market. Like private merchandise, a characteristic syndication is selective, however has no contention. The legislature can manage the regular imposing business models, which guarantees that individuals are charged a reasonable cost. Service organizations would be viewed as normal restraining infrastructures. Assets http://whcbridge. com/ec7110. html investopedia. com/terms/c/basic asset. asp albany. edu/~aeco110k/day14bw/tsld021. htm http://oregonstate. edu/train/econ201/osman/Lec06/lec6os/tsld018. htm businessdictionary. com/definition/private-great. html businessdictionary. com/definition/open great. html

Value added Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Worth included - Case Study Example There are different ways that Nike increases the value of its items. One of them is through the improvement of their items utilizing elevated level of innovativeness along these lines making them one of a kind from their rivals. They put the nature of their items into thought while simultaneously guaranteeing that they think about the inclinations and the requirements of the clients. All things considered, they are in every case all ears tuning in to the input of their buyers and guaranteeing that they put into thought the reactions given to them. They additionally increase the value of their items through commercials to make attention to however many people far and wide as could be expected under the circumstances. They likewise direct VIP supports to their items to guarantee that whatever number people as could be allowed partner with their items. Nike likewise leads the worth expansion of their items through progress and improvement of new item or arrangement. One model is the KD arrangement which has created from KD I to KD III arrangement. Every one of the arrangement has its own one of a kind plan and cost. Nike likewise increases the value of their items by contribution in network undertakings including occasions and furthermore pledge drives (Davis, 2010). This empowers people to see the social duty part of the organization hence making a decent notoriety for the

Tips For Writing Better Essays For College Admission

Tips For Writing Better Essays For College AdmissionTo be able to have the best essays written for your college admissions, you need to know a few things. First, you need to find the right essay writing software that you can use. Then, you should have an idea of how many essays you would want to do and also what kind of writing you are looking for. However, most people do not pay much attention to these points because they don't think of them before they start writing essays.The first thing you need to consider when it comes to writing essays for college admission is to know what kind of essays you are going to write. Some students do want to get the best essays for their essays but most students do not know where to begin. Most people just go by what the professor recommends so they can make it up as they go along.The problem with this is that most of the essays do not sound like what you wrote in the other parts of your application. So if you do not do a lot of research you will en d up going with the first essay you can get for your application.Another important aspect is to understand the things that you should write about in your essay. What are you trying to get across? Also, who are you trying to convince? You need to understand this so that you can make sure that you have your best essay written.Finally, be aware of the parts of the essay that you cannot avoid including. These could include important information that is just not included in the essay.Fortunately, there are some programs available to help you write good essays. This includes software that lets you create the best essays possible. Since it lets you create and edit your own essay, it allows you to keep on top of what is going on in your life and what is happening with your feelings.Overall, to make sure that you are able to write your best essays, you need to pay attention to all the aspects of your essay. Researching what is important to you is important. Getting and keeping your emotions under control is also important.

The Consumer Response Towards Sales Promotion with Regards to McDonalds, Dubai - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2447 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? A study to evaluate and understand the consumer response towards sales promotion with regards to McDonalds, Dubai Chapter 1- Introduction Consumer behavior describes how consumers make purchase decisions and how they use and dispose of the purchased goods or services. The study of consumer behavior also includes an analysis of factors that influence purchase decisions and product use.(McDaniel, Lamb .W Hair. F, 2008) Buying behavior of a consumer is a study that describes us about the tastes, preferences, attitudes, wants, culture and beliefs of individuals in a market when they purchase a product and consume it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Consumer Response Towards Sales Promotion with Regards to McDonalds, Dubai" essay for you Create order Buying behavioral activities are vital for the overall development of any organization. Sales promotion are considered one of the most effective ways by which they are able to achieve their goals and objectives being set by the management. The reason behind studying buying behavior is that it helps the marketer of an organization to determine the various factors which are responsible for consumers to decide to buy a commodity or service. Consumer buying behavior concentrates on the money, effort on consumption and time. It helps in determining future purchases and helps in creating an evaluation on different questions such as why different individuals purchase a commodity, when they buy, what they buy or how often they use it. Studying the consumer behavior is important as it helps in creating a focus for any brand in order to increase their efforts and get the kind of results they want. With the understanding of consumer behavior, an organization will automatically be able to pro vide consumers with better commodities and services that will result them into making more sales and earn more profit, so the study of buying behavior is important as it results into improving the quality of goods and services and also helps in knowing what kind of products can be offered to their customers. It helps in establishing better marketing strategies that are focused on the different type of consumer groups which let an organization target the right market and be able to utilize their resources and not waste them by spending it on consumers outside their target market. Consumers have needs and wants and any brands main objective should be to identify their needs and create the desired want. They should focus on how they can influence an individuals buying behavior and make it profitable for the organization which will give them the ability to have a better edge over their rivals when it comes to predicting consumer behavior. With this knowledge of consumer behavior, a marketer is able to understand what an individual thinks or feels about a product or service being offered. This is effected greatly by the way an organization influences their customers through their ambience of the shop, sales person, reference groups and also what an individuals family thinks about them. Cultural, social, personal and psychological factors, all these influence a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s buying behavior and also on the contrary all these factors are beyond the control of any marketer but at the same time these factors are kept in mind in order to understand the complex behavior of consumers. There are different firms that spend billion dollars a year in order to be able to study what consumers like so that they can customize their advertising, atmosphere of their outlet or train their employees so that consumers favor their organization more. It is one of the most challenging and demanding concept in marketing as it tries to understand how buyers react or do wh at they do. According to an article in Rochmarketing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trust isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a prerequisite for consumers to even enter the purchase funnel,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  said Laura Salant, director, research, About.com. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“By understanding how consumers view trust and what they value most, marketers can tailor their outreach to deliver meaningful information and tools to create authentic, long-lasting relationships.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Instyrochmarketing.com, 2014). This clearly explains that marketers have to make their strategies in such a way which will highly influence a consumers buying decision as they tend to look for value of for the product being offered. Every individual in the world is different from one another so it is more over impossible to have the same basic rules that explain how these buying decisions are made. Factors that influence consumer buying behavior The central focus of any marketing plan is the consumers so it is very important for an organization to devise a good marketing strategy which will help them in order to examine a customers behavioral attributes and needs. There are four main factors that influence the buying behavior of a customer. Cultural Factor- It is one of the most basic reason for a consumers want or behavior towards a product or service, as it requires a crucial focus to understand the needs of any individuals. For any organization it is vital for them to take in account the cultural factor in order to inherent themselves to adapt the different market situations, just like how a parent grows up their child with some basic morale, values, perception and also what the family as a whole would expect from the child, hence in the same way even the marketers are trying to understand what the consumers expect from them and introduce products that will be wanted by their customers or make changes to the existing product in order to increase their demand. McDonalds is one of the best examples when it comes to adapting their market and producing products according to their customers cultural needs around the world. They are aware of the importance to provide their customers with food that meets their taste and needs from different cultures. In UAE there is a mixture of veg and non-veg in their population but mostly every individual consumes meat, so McDonalds has to provide meat which is hygienic and at the same time since this is a Muslim country they cannot serve kosher meat here and as well as pork. Hence, in UAE and other Muslim countries they have to serve meat which is Halal (slaughtered according to the Islamic Shariah) and not follow any unethical ways in their production process. The dress code that McDonalds employees have to follow should be not revealing and covered properly in a decent manner. Social Factor- This is another factor which influences the consumer behavior and is divided into three different categories. Reference and membership group: The type of social group an individual belongs to will have their own influence on them. The membership groups are mostly made of people living in the same residential area, age, workplace etc, whereas the reference group are described as people who provide other individuals with some points and opinions of what they think regarding a particular brand. Family: The family can be one of the most influencing factors to an individuals opinion about a brand. The perception of a brand usually created by the family members can have a very strong influence on an individuals buying behavior. For examples, as a child your family did not allow you to consume Pepsi because your parents thought it was not good for your health as it contains a lot of sugar and destroys teeth. This makes a loss for a person like you to ever buy Pepsi as a grown up whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s never drunk it as a child. Social role and status: The role or the position of a person at his workplace, with family or friends can also define their social status or role and influence the buying decisions of an individual specially for those products which are visible to other people an can define them as a person. Personal Factor- An individuals age and the way of living his life will obviously influence his buying behavior because an individual does not purchase the same commodity or service which they did 15 or 30 years ago. The living lifestyle, hobbies, activities, personality everything changes with time. A persons financial revenue will also have an effect on his behavior and purchasing decisions. Psychological Factor- In order to explain how this factor can influence on the consumer buying behavior, we can divide it into four different categories. Motivation: This works at a subconscious level of mind and in order to increase the motivation level an organization needs to create a conscience or reinforce a need in the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind pushing them to satisfy it. So in order for any organization to increase sales and motivate consumers to purchase they should try to create a need in the mind of individuals and carry out a lot of market research to be able to target the right market. Perception: This basically means the way a consumer selects, organizes and processes the information he receives in order to do something about it which will make sense to him. Learning: When we learn something, we try to demonstrate what we learn by putting it into action, learning is also known to change the way a consumer behaves or interprets information and experience. For example: When you become sick after drinking a mango milkshake, it will create a negative impression about that milkshake you had and fell sick which will demotivate you from purchasing it again. Hence these learning theories can be used by brands to market their product better by associating their products with a positive image in the minds of consumers. Beliefs and attitudes: With experience of life a person tends to develop its own beliefs that will influence his buying behavior. On the contrary, an attitude can be described as a feeling of the idea a person feels associated with the product. It is vital to understand that an individual should identify and analyze and positive and negative attitudes and beliefs they have on any brand. In order for an organization to change the way a consumer thinks about their product, they should adjust and customize their marketing strategies to be able to influence an individuals perception of their brand. Marketing Communication Marketing communication is a crucial and a critical element of marketing activities. It is way in which the right messages that an organization wants their consumers to know are being passed to the targeted market with the right channels. The concept of this is clearly to identify and understand the need of the targeted audience and differentiate themselves from the rivals. The tools of marketing communications are determined by an organization based on their capacity of finance, people, power and strategy which is used to target it to the audience and also the study the various factors which can influence the buying behavior of an individual in order to make them get attracted and consume the commodity or service being offered. Marketing communication is known as the promotion part of the marketing mix of four Pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Product, Price, Place and Promotion. It is known as a strategy which is being used by an organization to reach their targe ted market of consumers through different types of communication. It is a complex and a fundamental part of any firms marketing efforts. The different forms of marketing communication includes tools such as Advertising, Public Relations, Online media, Point-of-sale promotions and sales promotion. Advertising is one of the most powerful tools of marketing communication which is used by the businesses in order to help them reach a very large number of audiences with high frequency of message delivery. With this a firm is able to advertise the important information about their products and offers to the consumers but at the same time this is an expensive form of promotional tool, a business needs to have a proper advertising budget and consider the fact that whether they will be coming up with their own ideas for advertising which will not cost them much or hire an advertising company to plan an advert for them which will be costly but worth it. This is basically a non- personal communication which is transmitted through means of media, the marketing communication should be planned properly so that a business is able to make the brand or productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name more familiar in the market and also establish and create a favorable image and good will, provide information to the consumers about the product and services being offered and also attract more customers by making them keen in order to find out more about their product and service. Public Relation also helps in creating brand awareness to the consumers in a subtle way. The difference between advertising and public relation is that adverts promotes products in a more aggressive way whereas public relation promotes and communicates in a soft way. Also on the other hand, if PR is talking about your product then it becomes the only means of marketing communication which is free, they are planned and take place purposely by a company in order to communicate to different public categories that may have an interest in their organizational activities. This group of people can include employees, customers and investors. The entire purpose of Public Relation is to create a positive image based on possible mutual relations. They also use various forms of communication channels. The difference between advertising and public relation is that PR uses more informative messages which can include yearly reports and balance sheets, PR are also used to build a trust whereas advertising causes an immediate action. Advertisings are repeated whereas PR actions are quite unique and can also be accomplished through public dialogue. Online Media- In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the social networking sites too play an important role in marketing of a product as there are many businesses that tend to use the online social media as their means of marketing communication. The adverts are easily being posted on the social sites such as Facebook, twitter or personal blogs so that they can attract an even larger audience from around the different parts of world. Point of sale promotions mainly involves the display techniques which are being used by an organization through audio, video or displays that can influence the buying process of individuals visiting the sale point. It informs the consumers that they can purchase the commodity or service in that particular place. This form of promotion can be done through billboards, specific lighting, posters, product display shelves or by giving away free gifts. Sales Promotion Bibliography List Books McDaniel. C, Lamb C.W. Hair J.F. (2008). Principles Of Marketing, Indian Edition: Cenage Learning, India. Pg no. 152 Websites Instyrochmarketing.com, (2014).Great Article about todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consumer buying behavior | Marketing Services. [online] Available at: https://www.instyrochmarketing.com/marketing/great-article-about-todays-consumer-buying-behavior/ [Accessed 9 May. 2014]. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-marketing-communication-concepts-20597.html marketing communications https://www.gb3group.com/promotional-techniques.php

The Jungle By Upton Sinclair - 1000 Words

The Jungle â€Å"I aimed at the public s heart and by accident I hit in the stomach (Upton Sinclair).† Upton Sinclair originally intended to expose the horrible conditions faced by immigrants as they tried to survive in Chicago s Meat-Packing District in his 1904 novel â€Å"The Jungle.† Sinclair’s book created fear and anger in the public which would lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA)is a law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. In Sinclair’s novel, â€Å"The Jungle†, he goes undercover to work in the meat processing industry to expose the unfair working conditions, long hour work days, and the cruel and unsafe conditions. Sinclair has a few possible themes in his book but the most import ant themes were cruelty towards immigrants an d poor safety regulations for food in industries at the time. After the depression of the 1890s, immigration jumped from a low of 3.5 million in that decade to a high of 9 million in the first decade of the new century. Many of these immigrants worked in industrial factories. In the late nineteenth century, there were more industrial accidents in the United States than in any other industrial country in the world. An employer almost never offer help to workers who were hurt or to the families of workers who were killed on the job. By theShow MoreRelatedThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1526 Words   |  7 Pagessocietal and government reforms did â€Å"The Jungle† call for. Do you feel this novel was effective in bringing about any of these reforms. â€Å"The Jungle†, written by Upton Sinclair, is an astonishing novel informing readers about the devastating truths involving impoverished life in America, particularly Chicago. This novel gives the reader an inside look into to the struggles of numerous European immigrants as they ventured to America during the early 1900 s. Sinclair depicts the disturbing and emotionalRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair986 Words   |  4 PagesThe life of Jurgis Rudkus, from the novel The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, shares many parallels to the life of the working class in American society during the period 1865 to 1910. that limits the freedom of the working class. Even though it is stated on paper that working class citizens such as Jurgis are equals and just as free as the upper-class citizens, society limited the the freedom of the working class. People like Jurgis are not truly â€Å"free† because the social and political forces at the timeRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair 1155 Words   |  5 Pages8/10/17 The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Book Review The working conditions in the US in the 20th  century were diffcult since workers had to struggle to survive on the daily bases.The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair does not only highlight the life of American workers but also uncovers the infleunce of capitalism in the US, where workers and employees were destined to fight for a living, while the upper-class reaped the benefits of national wealth.The Jungle gives many examples of theRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair651 Words   |  3 Pages This book is called The Jungle. The Author or this book goes by the name of Upton Sinclair. The Jungle was published on February 26, 1906. Upton Sinclair is an American author with almost 100 books which are based on many different genres. Sinclair is a journalist, novelist, as well as a political activist. Sinclair is most famous for this book. The Jungle is a novel that is based on the disgusting conditions of the US meatpacking industry, and the hardships of the labor that immigrant me n and womenRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the major issues Sinclair addresses in The Jungle? The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is a vivid account of life for the working class in the early 1900s. Jurgis Rudkus and his family travel to the United States in search of the American dream and an escape from the rigid social structure of Lithuania. Instead, they find a myriad of new difficulties. Sinclair attributes their problems to the downfalls of capitalism in the United States. While America’s system was idealistic for Jurgis and hisRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle by written by Upton Sinclair Book Report This report is based upon the book The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair. This book was published by The Jungle Publishing Co. New York in 1906. Introduction of Author: Upton Sinclair was born on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, Maryland. He belonged to a family off southern aristocracy but once Sinclair was born, his family went into poverty. Sinclair was a very smart boy and graduated from high school at the age of fourteen to go on and attendRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair 792 Words   |  3 PagesCritics often argue that Upton Sinclair, author of many classic American novels including The Jungle, was cynical and bitter even. However if one were to dig just a bit deeper they may realize that Sinclair was spot on in his idea that this â€Å"American dream† that our country sells is actually a work of fiction. In his book The Jungle, Sinclair, points out the flaws of the American dream. Many immigrants traveled thousands of miles aboard, cramped, disease infested, ships with hope of coming to thisRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1260 Words   |  6 Pages The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was published in 1906. After reading two-hundred and ninety-four pages, it is evident that humans have been shaping the world over time and the world has been shaping us as well. A lot has changed since the industrial revolution, the time frame in which this novel takes place. Our food industries have improved, money value has risen, and job opportunities have expanded. Throughout The Jungle the reader follows an immigrant family on their journey of hardships andRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jungle, by Upton Sinclair and Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, by Frederick Douglass both bring forth personal or fictional events that capture t he interest of the the reader. The use of pathos in their writing along with true events questions the ethics, morality, and human rights of each individual at the time setting for the publication. In the book, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair advocates for the overall elimination of oppression and exploitation of workers andRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1334 Words   |  6 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrated to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic system

Technology and Relationship Systems of Society

Question: Discuss about theTechnology and Relationshipfor Systems of Society. Answer: Introduction Humanity has evolved in the essence that humans can be separated from the beast in multiple aspects of reasoning and behavior. When the relationship between humanity and technology is given a thought, is evident that there is a complex relationship in a wide array of a phenomenon like science, systems of rights, systems of society, and the universal nature. The discovery of powerful energy sources over time like electricity, coal, and petroleum has enabled humanity to conquer the barriers presented by nature. These discoveries have facilitated the growth of humanity by making the world seem like a global village. However, it is important to note that technological development has drained humanity in the world because a human being has become dependent on technology to the point they do not apply basic humanity capabilities like thinking (Xanthidis Koutzampasopoulou Xanthidou, 2016). Moreover, technology has drained the essence of relationships with reduced face-to-face communication that foster strong and long lasting relationships. Thesis Despite the positive influence technology has on the lives of human beings, it has led to a decline in face-to-face communication among married couples and people in serious relationships thus affecting the creation of strong and understanding relationships. Literature Review Advancement in technology that has facilitated the spread of social media has affected human relations by reducing face-to-face communication. According to a study by Lenhart and Duggan (2016), the internet, social media, and cell phones have become an integral part of human being as 66% of couples or people in a relationship use social media and cell phones. Moreover, Lenhart and Duggan further stated that 74% of adults who use the internet reported that Internet had an effect on their relationship, while 20% stated that the Internet affected their relationship negatively. In addition to this, 25% of married couples use text message as their source of communication even when they are at home together. This shows a reduction on face-to-face communication that can facilitate strong relationships due to facial cues. Nonetheless, Lenhart and Duggan (2016) further stated that 25% of married partners felt their spouses were distracted by the use of cell phones of social media, 8% of inter net users had an argument about the amount the time their spouses spend online. According to Younes and Al-Zoubi, (2015), pavement in technology has taken control over our lives. Moreover, despite the fact that technology makes life easier, it also creates problems to the society like the decline in normal social behavior. Sait and Al-Tawil, (2007) outlined that advancement in technology plays an important role in the widening of social interaction, by bringing different cultures and societies into direct and indirect contact with each other, thus, influencing the cultures at different locations. Moreover, Sait and Al-Tawil, (2007) further stated that the development of the society depends on human communication and interaction. Ideally, the technological factors that facilitate the interaction can also have negative effects on the development of the society. This paper views technology from a cultural anthropologist perspective, where it investigates the influence of technology on interaction and communication. Technology, especially social media, and the inter net takes up much time that can be spent on other activities like reading, socializing, and sleeping among other factors. This can affect the relationship between people because people might not know each other at a personal level. Methodology This study will utilize quantitative research design to investigate the effects of social media on personal human relationships. As noted by Babbie, (2010) a quantitative research design enables a researcher to examine the relationship between dependent variables (relationships) and independent variable (technology). This study will focus on the online group within Saudi Arabia. The online community comprise of people with internet access. However, this study will focus on people who are married or in a serious relationship with internet access, and mobile phones. Thus, the result presented will infer on the behaviour of the mentioned group but not the whole population. Under quantitative research design, the researcher will utilize survey, specifically, questionnaires as tools of data collection. Moreover, the study will utilize stratified sampling to select the samples. Stratified sampling entails partitioning of the population into clusters of interest (Perreault, 2011). For instance, in this case, we can partition the population into the married internet and mobile phone users, and serious relationship individuals with internet access. Nonetheless, the questionnaires will be distributed manually and online using emails. After receiving the questionnaires, the research will collect the data and analyze the data utilizing quantitative techniques like MatLab. References Babbie, E. (2010). The practice of social research (12th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co. Lenhart, A. Duggan, M. (2016). Couples, the Internet, and Social Media. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science Tech. Retrieved 28 October 2016, from https://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/11/couples-the-internet-and-social-media/ Perreault, K. (2011). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Manual Therapy, 16(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.09.003 Sait, S. Al-Tawil, K. (2007). Impact of Internet Usage in Saudi Arabia. International Journal Of Information Technology And Web Engineering, 2(2), 81-115. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitwe.2007040104 Xanthidis, D. Koutzampasopoulou Xanthidou, O. (2016). An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Social Media in Everyday Life and Consumer Behavior in Saudi Arabia. Indian Journal Of Science And Technology, 9(35). https://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i35/84946 Younes, M. Al-Zoubi, S. (2015). The Impact of Technologies on Society: A Review. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 20(2), 82-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837

World Power Balance

This paper explores the concept of power balance in international relations. States and individual leaders seek power for two reasons. Power is capacity to influence others and capacity to defend oneself against aggression. The fear of aggression from the other and desire to dominate the other is what drives states towards either armament or alliances. Traditionally, armament was the sure way of acquiring relevancy and influence across borders (Weiss, 21).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on World Power Balance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the world of today, power balance relies more on collective security than any individual nation’s might. The United Nations plays an important role as a power balancer. Despite established collective security mechanisms, the realization of collective security is highly depended on the commitment of the major powerful nations or blocs e.g. the US, Emerging Eur opean Union and China. Power is a dynamic concept that can only be understood in context. In international relationships, power is defined as the goal towards which all states and leaders tend (Krasner, 8). This position towards which all states and leaders tend is characterized by capacity to influence others. Influence over others can be exercised in a coercive way, via persuasion, through cooperation or by direct competition e.g. in trade for given scarce resources (Weiss, 58). A state with more power has capacity to influence issues around the world more than other states. Any world leader is considered powerful when his or her influence on international matters is of more considerable magnitude than others. Power comes with having a privileged position warranted by either higher access to resources or higher knowledge in given issues (Krasner, 124). State power is determined by state’s economic status and military endowment. Through liaising or formation of alliances, so me powerful entities have been formed that wield a lot of influence or power international. An example of such an entity is the NATO which wields much military power and thus has a lot of influence in world power balance. The main reason why governments or states seek to be influential or powerful in the international scene is that power equals security (Krasner, 177). The most powerful of all nations is one whose economy is stable and diverse enough. It is the resources at one’s disposal that determine the resources that can be at his or her disposal in the near future.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a country also has enough military security guaranteed by its level of military sophistication and prowess (Krasner, 178). It is not enough to have resources; the resources have to be modifiable into capacity with swift expedience. In a state of war, t he state that manages to deploy and respond with highest expedience often gains an upper hand. It is not just in physical war but even psychological or ideological war; expediency and propaganda often determine level of influence of a nation in world politics (Krasner, 182). The most powerful country on earth has to have capacity to wade off any danger against its sovereignty plus its strategic interests across the globe. The US has enjoyed the status of super power for quite sometime now because of its capacity to defend itself and its strategic interests around the globe. When it comes to capacity, distinction is made between soft capacity and hard capacity. Soft capacity is knowledge, culture and ideology driven. Hard capacity refers to infrastructure based source of influence. Soft power is achieved when a nation is able to sway others by persuasion to follow its ideology, values or cultural dictates (Krasner, 33). This is often achieved through propaganda and other forms of inf ormation dissemination aimed specifically at some form of brainwashing. Hard capacity or power is coercion based and is highly depended on form of military weaponry and economic muscle of a state. Countries are classified as either hyper powers, superpowers, great powers, regional powers or middle powers (Thakur, 120). After World War II, the Unites States of America, the Soviet Union and Britain emerged as the super powers (Thakur, 126). Balance of power refers to the distribution of power among states; it refers to how much power each international actor or state wields (Brown, 107). Power between states is balanced either through armament or formation of alliances. To avoid aggressive action from other nations, states develop weaponry that would be used for retaliation or defense. Most powerful nations can not afford to attack each other because they all have nuclear war heads. The formation of alliances can be traced back to the days of King Louis XIV of France. France, which wa s a powerful state tried severally to wield hegemonic powers over the rest of Europe (Leggiere, 9). Europe had many small states and their only way of surviving against France was by forming alliances. Alliances help nations gain capacity to protect sovereignty through pooling resources together.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on World Power Balance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, the powerful emperor who had enormous influence in Europe was occasioned by the formation of the sixth coalition. The sixth coalition consisted of â€Å"Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal† (Leggiere, 25). Apart from armament and alliances, sometimes one nation acted as a stabilizer or balancer of power. For a long time in Europe, Great Britain was the sole balancer of power (Krasner, 45). It had economic muscle and military capacity. It did not form any permanent alliances but rather worked with different sides as per prevailing circumstances. The royal navy was the most powerful navy in the whole of Europe (Brown 108). Napoleon would have run over the whole of Europe had it not been for the antagonistic presence of England. Even after the fall of Napoleon, England consistently approached European matters with the vantage position of power balance holder (Brown, 109). It only sided with sides with the aim of maintaining European stability and power balance. The emergence of global balance of power systems was triggered by the World War I. prior to World War I, Europe was stabilized by involvement of Britain, America had its own power structure and so did the Chinese and the Indians (Thakur, 128). The alignments occasioned by World War I alignments led to shift in power structures or power balance spheres. The world became the stage with actors, the different alignments, trying to gain global influence or presence. Before World War II, European actors had some global influence or informed the global power struggle. However, the effects of World War II led to the struggle for supremacy pitting only the US against the Soviet Union (Thakur 127). This bipolar struggle led to the formation of NATO while the other countries became allied to the Soviet Union (Brown, 121). This led to formation of two blocs around which most nations of the world coalesced. Britain could no longer remain flexible in its foreign policy because it neither had resources nor the necessary military muscle to be a balancing presence. It is after World War II that fear of mutual annihilation led to restraint on both sides of the power balance. War was not an option because it was likely to lead to use of nuclear weaponry that could only spell disaster for the whole of humanity (Thakur, 159). What followed was a vicious cold war driven by propaganda and arms race.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ideological propaganda pitting capitalism against communism dominated the struggle for global supremacy. The Right portrayed communism as an evil that reneged on every personal freedom while the Left alleged that capitalism was based on diabolic selfishness. The fall of the Soviet Union, which was occasioned by untenable precepts of communism e.g. communal ownership or state ownership of all property, left the United States of America as the only super power. However, the wearing effects of the world wars and the cold war, had led to acknowledgement that nations had to come together or cooperate for peace to prevail on earth. Human realists or realism theorists understand power as a goal (Brown, 44). States seek to develop because they desire a privileged position in the world power balance. A privileged position is given by the amount of coercive or persuasive influence a country has over others. Realism looks at the world from a conflict point of view. As a theory it states that t he world consists of states that are dangerous because they have offensive weapons (Brown, 45). A state of anarchy can be discerned where every nation or state lives in fear of the other and tries to arm itself against possible aggression from neighboring states. The move towards alliances and working together as states is necessitated by need to survival. Liaising is the only rational option for the states because without it maintaining sovereignty becomes untenable. Human realism was expounded by Morgenthau and holds that realism per se has its roots in the nature of the human beings (Brown, 114). Each person, according to Morgethau is a power maximiser or aims at lording over others through accumulation of property or by way of ideology (Brown, 115). Although there have been theorists like Mandelbaum who argue that state concerns or engagements with each other are often altruistic, Mearsheimer, in his ‘offensive realism theory’ disputes such assertions (World Policy Journal). According to Mearsheimer, â€Å"States are instead power-maximizing units that must survive in a threatening world and that are always looking out for number one† (World Policy Journal). Each state basically aims at maximizing its power at the expense of other nations or states. From the realists point of view, liaising or cooperation between states is necessary to avert conflict that would arise from mans desire to maximize power. Collective security refers to the efforts by states to guarantee security by liaising with others. Collective security is achieved through alliances that concentrate and consolidate economic or military might (Weiss, 6). Any aggression against a state in the alliance is treated as aggression against the entire alliance. There are regional alliances such as NATO which works to ward off outside aggression but also mitigates conflicts between members of the alliance. Other groups like the UN aim at fostering security for all nations through member states taking unilateral action against any aggressor state (Weiss, 7). The League of Nations was formed after World War I as a way of enforcing collective security and encouraging the upholding of human rights within member states (Krasner, 181). Unfortunately, the organization easily disintegrated because the major powers of the time did not join it. The US snubbed it while Germany withdrew citing claiming that the league infringed on German sovereignty (Weiss, 21). After world war 11, efforts to revive the League of Nations resulted in the formation of the United Nations. The United Nations was designed basing on the lessons learnt from the failures of the League of Nations (Weiss, 22). It was hoped that the United Nations would succeed because it had full backing of the USA. To gain support and commitment from the five major powers in the world, which included France, China, Britain, Soviet Union and the USA, they were given veto powers by the UN Charter (Encyclopedia of the New American Nation). The countries with Veto powers were also given permanent membership on the Security Council. The work of the Security Council was to deliberate and make decision aimed at maintaining global security or international peace. All the members of the United Nations pledged to â€Å"refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state,† (Encyclopedia of the New American Nation). The United Nations success’ first threat came in the form of antagonism between the Soviet Union and the US. During the cold war, the collective security mandate of the UN failed because the state members were divided along two ideologies or power blocs. The cold war showed clearly that collective security is only possible when the major powers are committed to peace. At the moment, many of the challenges the UN security experiences are operational (Weiss, 13). The case of the League of Nations illustrates the many challenges to collective security. Collective security works only when all states, especially the major world powers, are committed to it (Thakur, 46). This commitment by all states creates a level of trust in the alliance or group that is necessary for collective security to be realized (Weiss, 8). A recent development where the US and its allies defied a UN security resolution and waged war in Iraq threatens the power balance maintained by collective security (Thakur, 48). The only reason why world peace did not degenerate as a result of such action is that other powers were indifferent; they did not have a stake or supported the war. The beginnings of the League of Nations were troublesome because the US, the major super power, did not endorse it (Thakur, 6). The second challenge that often threatens collective security is veto powers given to some nations or states. The League of Nations did not succeed because it gave every state veto power thus any nation could block crucial decisions. Collective security thrives on fear of sanctions or unilateral action from other states. Economic sanctions are often not possible because states are not thoroughly interdependent. Actually, some countries are more economically independent than interdependent while others are more depended than independent (Weiss, 11). Despite challenges or threats to collective responsibility, outlined in the foregoing paragraph, the UN’s relevancy has increased over time. The UN is involved in serious arbitration between countries and in peace keeping missions in countries ravaged by civil strife (Thakur, 40). This means that collective security has grown dimensionally as to include resolving or tackling of crisis within member countries. Some cases warranty facilitating diplomatic discussion while others warranty using military engagement. The cases of states waging war against others have greatly reduced to a scanty few since World War II. State power has many differences from collective security or collective defense. The power of a state is defined by the sum of its resources i.e. economic muscle, military power and ideological strength. Collective security or defense is given by such resources as well; however there is pooling of resources (Krasner, 152). State power is defined by how much influence each individual state can wield and protect its stability. Each country has to defend its sovereignty despite being allied to an alliance that offers collective security. Any country that joins a collective security treaty or pact still has the opportunity of bolstering its power (Weiss, 123). This can be done through research aimed at improving military infrastructure, economic empowerment or development measures and other pursuits. However, each treaty stipulates given measures that members have to adhere to. Most collective security pacts require countries to contribute troops to a general pool (Weiss, 125). The troops are maintained by resources contributed by members as per agreed ratios. In our world of today, most states seek to bolster and exercise their power through trade deals. Developing countries as expressed during the Doha round of talks want fair trade (Krasner, 77). The developed world through such measures as subsidies and bilateral trade pacts aim at gaining competitive advantages economically (Brown, 116). Those that have managed to develop their economies are able to influence the developing world and discussions on global matters more substantially than the economically weak. Although search for military armament around the globe has been lowered due to relative world peace assured by collective security, many countries still have very high military budgets. Leading the table is china whose military spending has raised eyebrows in the recent past (Krasner, 181). Developing countries have not been left behind in seeking to bolster their military prowess. A recent case of a ship carr ying heavy military equipments being hijacked by Somali pirates on the Indian Ocean is a good indicator that African countries consider developing their military power very seriously. Collective security, we can conclude, does not mean countries totally abdicating the search for power. This paper explored the issue of power balance in international relationships. Individual’s fear of each other and desire to be better than others is at the heart of power struggles between states. The state pursues power on the international scene because power means influence, capacity and security. There are two traditional ways of attaining power or security. A state can either beef its resources and military prowess or liaise with others to achieve the same. Given most countries can not afford the required levels of resources to fully protect their sovereignty; formation of alliances is the only rational choice for them. Over time, the idea of collective security has been developed leading to formation of institutions like the United Nations. As discussed in this paper, collective security works but it is highly depended on the commitment of the major or great powers around the globe. Works Cited Brown, Chris. Understanding International Relations. 2nd Ed. Westminster: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation: Collective Security – The United Nations and the cold war. Retrieved from https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/A-D/Collective-Security-The-united-nations-and-the-cold-war.html#ixzz37F7fuSP1 Krasner D. Stephen. Power, the State, and Sovereignty: Essays on International Relations. New York: Taylor Francis, 2009. Leggiere V. Michael. The Fall of Napoleon: The Allied Invasion of France, 1813- 1814. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Thakur C. Ramesh. The United Nations, Peace And Security: From Collective Security To The Responsibility To Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Weiss G. Thomas. Collectiv e Security in a Changing World. New York: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. This research paper on World Power Balance was written and submitted by user Galilea L. to help you with your own studies. 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